This work continues the generalized stability theory (GST) analysis of baroclinic shear flow in the primitive equations (PE), focusing on the regime in which the mean baroclinic shear and the stratification are of the same order. The Eady model basic state is used and solutions obtained using the PE are compared to quasigeostrophic (QG) solutions.

Similar optimal growth is obtained in the PE and QG frameworks for eddies with horizontal scale equal 
to or larger than the Rossby radius, although PE growth rates always exceed QG growth rates. The primary 
energy growth mechanism is the conventional baroclinic conversion of mean available potential energy to 
perturbation energy mediated by the eddy meridional heat flux. However, for eddies substantially smaller 
than the Rossby radius, optimal growth rates in the PE greatly exceed those found in the QG. This 
enhanced growth rate in the PE is dominated by conversion of mean kinetic energy to perturbation kinetic 
energy mediated by the vertical component of zonal eddy momentum flux. This growth mechanism is 
filtered in QG. In the intermediate Richardson number regime mixed Rossby-gravity modes are nonor-
thogonal in energy, and these participate in the process of energy transfer from the barotropic source in the 
mean shear to predominantly baroclinic waves during the transient growth process.

The response of shear flow in the intermediate Richardson number regime to spatially and temporally uncorrelated stochastic forcing is also investigated. It is found that a comparable amount of shear turbulent variance is maintained in the rotational and mixed Rossby-gravity modes by such unbiased forcing suggesting that any observed dominance of rotational mode energy arises from restrictions on the effective forcing and damping.

A generalized stability theory (GST) analysis of baroclinic shear flow is performed using primitive equations (PEs), and typical synoptic-scale midlatitudinal values of vertical shear and stratification. GST is a comprehensive linear stability theory that subsumes modal stability theory and extends it to account for nonmodal interactions such as may occur among the approximately geostrophically balanced modes and the nearly divergent gravity wave modes supported by the PE. Unbounded constant shear flow and the Eady model are taken as examples and energy is used as the reference norm. Comparison is made with results obtained using quasigeostrophic (QG) analysis. While the PE and the QG dynamics give similar results for timescales of a few days, the PE initial growth rate during the first few hours exceeds the QG growth at all wavelengths and can attain values as much as two orders of magnitude greater as the wavelength decreases. This PE growth is due both to the direct kinetic energy growth mechanism, which is filtered out by QG, and to the interaction between the QG modes and the gravity waves.

An important application of GST is to study shear turbulence using a method of analysis based on stochastically forcing the mean state. The PE response of the Eady model to spatially and temporally uncorrelated forcing reveals the rotational and the divergent modes support a comparable amount of variance. The observed spectrum and physical mechanisms influencing the spectrum are discussed.